Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)
Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) is a fast-growing deciduous tree known for its showy fruit; suitable for zones 6-9.
Complete Plant Information
Overview
The Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) is a rapidly establishing deciduous tree or large shrub, historically valued for the bark used to create paper in Asia (hence its name, Broussonetia papyrifera). It quickly develops an attractive, though somewhat irregular, rounded crown, providing substantial shade in optimal conditions. Gardeners should be aware that this plant is extremely vigorous and spreads aggressively via root suckers and seed dispersal, particularly female trees.
While notable for its fast growth, the Paper mulberry is best sited where its spreading nature can be accommodated, fitting its suggested use as a naturalizing specimen. It handles difficult conditions well, tolerating heat, humidity, and various soil types, making it a resilient choice for challenging urban or waste areas.
The aesthetic appeal comes from its large, rough-textured leaves, which can sometimes exhibit interesting lobed shapes, and its distinctive reddish-orange fruits that appear if the tree is female and pollinated. Understanding the vigorous nature of Broussonetia papyrifera is key to successful cultivation.
Fast Facts
- Plant Family: Moraceae
- Plant Type: Tree
- Native Range: Japan, China
- Hardiness Zones: USDA Zones 6-9
- Size at Maturity:
- Height: 40-50 ft
- Spread: 30-40 ft
- Bloom Time: April to May
- Bloom Description: Pale green
- Sun Exposure: Full sun to part shade
- Water Needs: Medium
- Maintenance Level: Medium
How to Grow
Planting Broussonetia papyrifera is easiest during the dormant season, late fall or early winter, allowing the root system to establish before the stress of summer heat. This tree thrives in fertile, well-drained soils but shows remarkable adaptability, tolerating poor soils as well. Ensure it receives full sun for the best growth rate, although it will tolerate light shade.
Water newly planted paper mulberry trees consistently (medium water needs) until they are established. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this tree grows quickly enough on its own. Pruning should be performed strictly when the tree is fully dormant, either in late fall or early winter. Pruning at other times may cause the tree to “bleed” excessive amounts of milky sap.
The primary cultural note for this fast-growing tree involves managing its aggressive spread. Broussonetia papyrifera spreads readily via root suckers and self-seeding, intending to form thickets. If you do not wish for aggressive colonization, select male trees, as they provide shade without the reproductive seed dispersal. Due to its invasive tendencies, check local regulations, as it is restricted in several southeastern states.
Landscape Uses
The suggested use for this quick-growing species is to naturalize it in large, open areas where its vigor is an asset rather than a liability. It excels at stabilizing banks or filling large, neglected spaces quickly. Male Paper mulberry trees make effective, fast-growing shade or street trees precisely because they will not spread by dropping messy fruit or seeds.
Female trees, conversely, should be quarantined to areas where their prolific, showy fruits will not cause issues, and where their invasive spread into adjacent native habitats can be managed. Since the tree tolerates heat, humidity, and urban pollution well, consider it for tough roadside environments if invasiveness is not a concern.
Standout Features
Flower Qualities
- Insignificant
Fruit Qualities
- Showy
Noteworthy Characteristics
Broussonetia papyrifera, commonly known as paper mulberry, is a fast growing deciduous tree or large shrub that matures to 40-50’ tall with a broad rounded crown in the wild, but usually grows much shorter in cultivation. Native to Japan, China and Polynesia, it was originally introduced into the U.S. as a rapid-growing shade tree before escaping cultivation and naturalizing widely across the eastern U.S. Trees have milky sap, and the large, dull green leaves are rough-textured above; if pollinated, female trees produce reddish-purple to orange aggregate fruits in balls.
Tolerances
- Drought
Potential Problems
Broussonetia papyrifera generally avoids serious insect or disease problems, which contributes to its robust nature. However, gardeners should watch for potential fungal issues such as canker and leaf spot, especially if the tree is stressed or overcrowded. Root rot may become troublesome if soil drainage is consistently poor, despite the plant’s general tolerance for varied soil types. Management involves ensuring adequate air circulation and avoiding overly wet conditions around the base of the tree.
Frequently Asked Questions
What hardiness zones is Paper mulberry suitable for?
Broussonetia papyrifera is successfully grown in USDA Hardiness Zones 6 through 9.
How large does Paper mulberry grow?
When mature, the paper mulberry typically reaches a height between 40 and 50 feet and spreads 30 to 40 feet wide.
What sun exposure does Broussonetia papyrifera need?
This tree thrives best with full sun exposure but is also tolerant of part shade conditions.
When does Paper mulberry bloom?
The pale green flowers of Broussonetia papyrifera appear relatively early in the growing season, typically from April to May.
Conclusion
The Broussonetia papyrifera offers rapid stature and exceptional resilience to heat and drought, making it a useful, though sometimes challenging, addition to the landscape. If managed carefully, particularly by selecting sterile male cultivars, Paper mulberry can function as a fast provider of shade. Always confirm local regulations regarding the planting of this aggressive species before adding Broussonetia papyrifera to your garden plan.
Companion Planting
Given the aggressive suckering nature of Paper mulberry, companion planting should focus on species that can either withstand competition or be used as groundcover to suppress the suckers in established planting areas. Consider planting tough, sun-loving perennials like ornamental grasses (e.g., Miscanthus varieties) or hardy Aster species near the perimeter to create a textured border without having to fight the tree root system directly. For large areas where naturalization is desired, native, fast-spreading shrubs that are not overly delicate can tolerate the competitive environment created by established Broussonetia papyrifera colonies.
Wildlife Benefits
The fruits produced by female Paper mulberry trees serve as an important late-season food source for numerous bird species. Wildlife actively feeds on these showy, aggregate fruits, which unfortunately facilitates the local and widespread dispersal of the seeds, contributing to the tree’s invasive success. Beyond the seeds, the dense foliage of mature Broussonetia papyrifera offers excellent cover and nesting sites for various small birds throughout the growing season.
